Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL)

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Fundamentals
  • Definition: AI is the science of making machines that can think like humans, trained them to learn from experience, adapt, and perform tasks like human. it analyse history of data and generate smart machines with the intelligence and data analysys.
  • Purpose:Making a Machine intelligent to work like human.
  • Founder/Father of AI is John McCarthy .
    • AI was formally initiated in 1956
    • Conference: The term was first coined in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference.
  • First Demonstration: The first demonstration of an AI program ran at Carnegie Mellon University.

2. AI have total 6 Branches

  1. Machine Learning (ML)
  2. Deep Learning (DL)
  3. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
  4. Robotics
  5. Expert Systems
  6. Fuzzy Logic

There are 4 Types of AI:

  1. Reactive Machines AI
  2. Limited Memory AI
  3. Theory Of Mind AI
  4. Self-aware AI

AI Programming Languages::

  • Common Languages use to build AI is Python, Lisp (List Processing), Java, JavaScript, C++, Prolog (Programming in Logic), Julia, Haskell, Scala, and R.
  • Python is considered the best choice for AI development.
  • LISP (List Processing) was created by John McCarthy (father of AI).
  • Prolog, R, Julia are also considered as AI Programming Language.

3. Machine Learning (ML)

  • Machine Learning is a branch or a subset of Artificial Intelligence. which focuses on building applications that can learn from training data and improve accuracy and can work without human intervention.
  • Machine Learning focuses on the use of data and algorithm. The application of ML methods to use large databases is known as Data Mining.
  • Founders:
    • Term 'Machine Learning' coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel (IBM).
    • Father/Founder of Machine Learning: Geoffrey Everest Hinton.
  • Data Mining Connection: Application of machine learning methods to large databases is called Data Mining.

4. Types of Machine Learning (ML)

There are 3 Types of Machine Learning:
  • 1. Supervised Learning:
    • Requires supervision:
    • Uses labelled training data.
  • 2. Unsupervised Learning:
    • Requires no supervision
    • Objective: Discover hidden patterns or data groupings without human intervention.
    • This is used for finding hidden structure in unlabeled data.
    • Neural Networks, Anomaly detection.
  • Reinforcement Learning (RL)
    • Works on a feedback-based process using the Hitting & Trail method.
    • It creates an autonomous, self-teaching system.
    • Applications include Real-Time decisions, Game AI, and Robot Navigation.

5. Deep Learning (DL)

  • Deep Learning is an advance form of AI and a subset of Machine Learning. It teaches computers to process data in a way inspired by the human brain.
  • Deep learning models are neural networks with three or more layers.
    • Input layer: Data enters.
    • Hidden layers: Process and transport data.
    • Output layer: Final result or prediction is made.
  • Examples: Self-driving cars, Facial recognition, Medical science, Speech recognition, Digital assistants, Fraud detection.

6. Key AI Languages, Robotics, and Chatbots

Programming Languages for AI:

  • Python (often considered the best choice), LISP (LISt Processing - historically significant and the first AI programming language called IPL), PROLOG (Programming in Logic), Java, JavaScript, C++, Julia, Haskell, Scala, R.
  • LISP Creator: John McCarthy.
  • Not Commonly Used (Tested): Perl.

Robotics History:

  • Robot Arm: A robot’s "Arm" is called a Manipulator (also Actuator/Effector are related parts).
  • First Robot: Introduced in 1960 to the General Motor’s Assembly Line.

Chatbots and Virtual Assistants Chronology:

Product / Chatbot Developer / Company Year/Details
First Chatbot: Eliza N/A Introduced in 1961.
Siri (Virtual Assistant) Apple Year: 2011.
Alexa (Virtual Assistant) Amazon Year: 2014.
Cortana (Virtual Assistant) Microsoft Year: 2014 (End Services: March 31, 2021).
Bixby (Virtual Assistant) Samsung Year: 2017.
ChatGPT (AI Chatbot) OpenAI (San Francisco startup) Initially released November 30, 2022. The acronym GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer. Trained using RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback). Latest version mentioned is ChatGPT 4o. It is a Large Language Model (LLM).
Bard / Gemini Google Rivals ChatGPT.